What type of damage can occur from excessive moisture within pavement layers?

Excessive moisture within pavement layers can lead to significant damage, primarily manifesting as pavement cracking and loss of integrity. When moisture infiltrates the pavement structure, it can weaken the bond between the aggregates and the asphalt binder. This weakening results in a reduced ability to withstand stress and load, leading to cracks forming in the surface. Additionally, moisture can cause the subgrade and subbase layers to become saturated, which can further compromise the structural integrity of the entire pavement system. This process is often exacerbated during freeze-thaw cycles, where trapped moisture expands and contracts, leading to further cracking and potential pothole formation.

In contrast, the other options present scenarios that either do not occur due to excessive moisture or represent incorrect implications regarding pavement conditions. For instance, moisture typically does not improve surface smoothness; rather, it tends to create irregularities and rough surfaces due to the formation of cracks and voids. Additionally, excessive moisture in the pavement does not lead to an increase in rigidity; instead, it often causes softening and can result in raveling or other forms of degradation. The presence of moisture is unlikely to reduce asphalt odors, as odors typically arise from the chemical components of the asphalt, and it can sometimes enhance the release of these